Solders that are safe to use on potable water systems contain a percentage of tin and a combination of other non-toxic metals. Today, due to the Safe Water Drinking Act and lead-free restrictions, solders that contain more than 0.2% lead are not permitted for use in potable water systems. Solder is a metal or metallic alloy that historically consisted of lead (known as lead-based solder) and tin in various proportions. The process of joining copper pipe and fitting is called soldering (or sweating), which is a critical step in the copper installation process. The naturally occurring metal element is also preferred for various application types due to its high conductivity of electricity and heat, corrosion/fire resistance and durability. Copper is the metal of choice for potable water systems for a variety of reasons – the most important being that it is non-toxic and safe for drinking. There’s a strong chance you’ve spotted copper pipe somewhere in your home, like around a hot water tank or under a sink. White Frank M.Avoid these five common mistakes for a leak-free joint.Department of Energy, THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1, 2 and 3. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN: 978-7-0 Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems. Nuclear Systems Volume I: Thermal Hydraulic Fundamentals, Second Edition. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317 Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 8-1. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983). Q-H characteristic diagram of centrifugal pump and of pipeline In systems in which some certain flowrate must be maintained (e.g., to provide sufficient cooling or heat transfer from a reactor core), the equilibrium of the head loss and the head added by a pump determine the flow rate through the system. Why is head loss very important?Īs can be seen from the picture, the head loss is formed key characteristic of any hydraulic system. It must be noted that the friction factor is independent of the Reynolds number at very large Reynolds numbers. The friction factor for turbulent flow depends strongly on the relative roughness.The friction factor for laminar flow is independent of the roughness of the pipe’s inner surface.The friction factor for fluid flow can be determined using a Moody chart.Darcy’s equation can be used to calculate major losses.Minor Head Loss – due to components as valves, bends….Major Head Loss – due to friction in straight pipes.Head loss of the hydraulic system is divided into two main categories:.
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